A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial

On his thirtieth birthday, Joseph K. is arrested even though he has done nothing wrong. Naturally Joseph K. is angry and annoyed. On the day of his thirty-first birthday, Joseph K. is taken to a nearby quarry by the warders and killed. Joseph K. does nothing to stop them from killing him. The Trial is the story of the intervening year between Joseph K.'s two birthdays. This novel treats many subjects, but this paper will examine only three: the mystery of the bureaucracy in the novel, sexuality during the process, and the economic and social point of view of The Trial.The bureaucracy in The Trial is large, impersonal and frightening. Prior to the beginning of the book Joseph K. is a successful businessman working in a bank apparently on the fast track for advancement and even greater success. After his arrest he and his life decline until his execution. Although Joseph K. â€Å"is accused of crimes he did not commit . . . [he] still feels guilty about these unnamed offenses† ( Meyers, 329). This guilt plays an important role throughout the novel. Joseph K. is mentally and emotionally paralyzed by his guilt of having been accused of the unknown crime.As Boa writes, the experience of being arrested has taken Joseph K. out of his comfort zone and he is unable to operate; he doesn't know what to do. â€Å"What is the nature of the court, what is the law, what should the individual on trial do?† (1). The paralysis Joseph K. suffers appears to be psychological rather than due to a physical threat. The parable told to Joseph K. by the priest provides an accurate description of the state Joseph K. is in. In the parable a man from the country comes to have access to the law however the doorkeeper will not admit the man.The doorkeeper steps aside from the doorway and offers no physical resistance, but the man is paralyzed by what might be done by the institution. â€Å"‘If you are so strongly tempted, try to get in without my permission. But note that I am powerful. And I am only the lowest doorkeeper. From hall to hall, keepers stand at every door, one more powerful than the other . . .'† (Kafka, 267-8). Rather than confront these possibilities the man sits on a stool by the door and waits. This is precisely what Joseph K. does. He tacitly accepts the non-accusation of the court and submits to its jurisdiction. One cannot help but feel that if he were refuse to comply with the court that he would be free to continue living his life. The mystery of the bureaucracy of the court appears to be a psychological threat of the unknown combined with a man's natural inclination to obey the institutions that govern the locality where he lives.The second area this paper will address is sexuality during the process. During the year of the trial, Joseph K. has a brief flirtation with Fraulein Brustner but she later refuses his advances. It is interesting that â€Å"Brustner† is very close to the German word â€Å"brusten† meaning breast. The desire to dominate a woman has considerable Freudian implications that suggest that Kafka was greatly influenced by his mother, the source of his life and breastfeeding, and not always in a positive manner.During this encounter Joseph K. kisses her â€Å"all over the face, like some animal lapping greedily at a spring of long-sought fresh water† (Kafka, 38). This is an interesting foreshadowing of his execution where he dies â€Å"[l]ike a dog† (Kafka, 286). After kissing her Joseph K. returns home, â€Å"[h]e fell asleep almost at once, but before doing so he thought for a little about his behavior, he was pleased with it, yet surprised that he was not still more pleased† (38).This appears to be an example where a man dominates a woman to get his will without regard to her desire. This strength is uncharacteristic of Joseph K. particularly in regard to the affair he has with Leni, Huld's nurse. Leni appears to like men who are vulnerable. S he has considerable control over her employer who must accept her care because of his heart condition and because she is unaccountable attracted to Joseph K. who is vulnerable because of the accusation against him.From an economic and social point of view The Trial is particularly interesting. The Trial â€Å"moves beyond the household to explore the interlocking of social power and psychic structure in urban society at large† (Boa, 133). Adler suggests that Kafka is writing about â€Å"[t]wo defining factors stand out in this period.Firstly, the conflict between Czech, German and Jewish traditions; and secondly, the struggle between Prague's history and modernisation [sic]† Kafka appears to have had trouble reconciling these three worlds in his own life and feels he is unable to successfully struggle against the enormous, looming presence of the government and his religious background. It is interesting that Joseph K. actually has considerable impact, although it appe ars is unaware of it.In fact, the Court even follows his requests and confirms his assumptions. Although K. tells himself what time he should arrive for his first interrogation, this turns out to be the same hour mentioned by the Examining Magistrate. K. decides that he will attend only one interrogation, instead of the series of short interrogations planned by the Court, and the Court complies K. accuses the warders, and the Court promptly punishes them . . . . (Lasine, 34).It is this lack of awareness of the capabilities that Kafka seems to warning the reader about. The Trial is not to be viewed as a plan or even a call to change society, but an examination of authority intended to help people think for themselves about the issues in the book (Boa, 186).The Trial is a haunting frightening book in the same genre as the later books Orwell's 1984 and Huxley's Brave New World. However, it is more subtle and thought provoking. Given the multi-leveled layers of bureaucracy both governme ntal and in business one wonders if The Trial is not more relevant today that when it was written near the beginning of World War I. Given the excess of administrative law with its great power that is not subject to many of the protections of due process, it is easy to empathize with Joseph K.Works CitedAdler, Jeremy. â€Å"What Was Lost? The Czech Jewish Community.† European Judaism. 38, 2 (2005) 70+. Boa, Elizabeth. Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race in the Letters and Fictions. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1957. Lasine, Stuart. â€Å"Kafka's Trial.† The Explicator. 42, 3 (1985): 34. Meyers, Jeffrey. â€Å"Swift and Kafka.† Papers on Language & Literature. 40, 3 (2004): 329.

How Literature Reflects Communities Essay

Authors have historically used various literary works to reflect the societies in which their live. To this end, the actions of characters in literary works reflect existing social concepts whereas the surrounding society’s behavior mirrors on specific characters’ behaviors. In essence, societies and communities are normally depicted as mutually affecting each other. Notable cases of literary works in which such reciprocal interaction is demonstrated are the three short stories namely: William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily; Flannery O’Connor’s Good Country People; and Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson. To illustrate, through his A Rose for Emily story, Faulkner describes Emily Grierson as being negatively affected by her surrounding society. In turn, Emily’s actions negatively impact of her compatriots. Likewise, through the Good Country People story, O’Connor describes the character named Joy Hopewell as negatively impacting on the people around her. Consecutively, the society in which Hopewell lives demonstrates an attitude that negatively affects her. In a similar version, Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson story illustrates the character called Miss Moore being negatively affected by her surrounding society. In response, Miss Moore demonstrates behaviors and attitudes that negatively impact on her compatriots. All in all, O’Connor – through Good Country People – Faulkner – through A Rose for Emily – as well as Bambara – through The Lesson short stories – describe their protagonists as reciprocally affecting and being affected by their societies in a negative way. For example, in Bambara’s The Lesson story, Miss Moore’s condescending opinion towards her compatriots – especially the children with which she spends most of her time – attracts disproval from the surrounding community. Consequently, both the children as well as the adults disrespect Miss Moore. For instance, Bambara notes that ‘the grown-ups (talk) †¦.. when †¦. behind her back like a dog,’ thus showing utter disrespect for Miss Moore (). Moore’s irritatingly patronizing nature is evident when she ‘looks at’ her students ‘ like she readin tea leaves’ (). The author thus presents a picture of an individual and the surrounding society mutually affecting each other in a negative manner. Likewise, through the A Rose for Emily story, Faulkner shows that Emily’s unbecoming behavior invites rude responses from her compatriots. For instance, Emily demonstrates impoliteness when she demonstrates stubbornness towards her society’s pleas that she pays taxes. She even firmly removes the society’s representatives from her house. Abruptly summoning Tobe – her manservant – Emily instructs him to ‘Show these gentlemen out’ (). In reaction, the society demonstrates indifference towards her as is evident from the narrator’s assertions that the society does not know of Emily’s sickness. To this end, the narrator remarks ‘We did not even know she was sick’ (). Similarly, through his Good Country People story, O’Connor depicts Joy Hopewell as a character who demonstrates haughtiness towards her compatriots – notably Mrs. Freeman and Hopewell ‘s mother – the result being that she becomes painfully alienated from her society. For example, because she is educated , Hopewell mocks all people around her as is evident from her remark that her mother is ‘bloated, rude, and squint-eyed’ (). In reaction, society alienates Hopewell , thus making her to beg her mother to wholesomely accept her. A deeply remorseful Hopewell cries out to the mother saying ‘like I am’ take me (). In conclusion, the issue of individuals negatively reacting with their surrounding communities is clearly evident through the 3 stories, Good Country People, The Lesson, as well as A Rose for Emily. Good Country People’s Hopewell suffers segregation due to her arrogant attitude towards her compatriots. Likewise, A Rose for Emily’s Emily suffers segregation due to her condescending view of her society. Lastly, The Lesson’s Miss Moore’s is disrespected by society owing to her attitude of viewing her compatriots as being unknowledgeable.

Summarize the article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarize the article - Research Paper Example y events that configure fields enable the telling of new narratives and the way, these narratives can cause a change in organizations as well as institutional fields through domination, translation, and interpretation. Field-configuring events are such temporary social organizations that provide platforms for people to periodically assemble from diverse organizations and purposes to realize their common concerns and develop coordination among themselves. To achieve the objectives of the study, the authors collected documents on the POPs issue and a range of texts from different INC meetings. They also gathered major texts related to the Stockholm meetings as well as the DDT issue made and distributed outside meetings. This study was conducted using an exploratory case study to gather a holistic and elaborating understanding of the field-level organizational change. The rationale behind selection of this case is that it is well-documented with major texts created and distributed by the participants being mostly in the public domain. In addition to that, the conference format is useful because it represents a range of multilateral meetings conducted by many international agencies including the UN. The specific focus of the authors was upon the struggle over the practices of using DDT during this conference. DDT was selected for consideration because this chemical’s discussion was a major element of the conference that was also different from the discussions of the rest of the POPs. It seemed at the conference’s beginning that DDT would be deal with in a similar way to other POPs, but agreement upon the legal text established DDT as the only chemical that was intentionally produced with its use being restricted subject rather than eliminated to certain conditions. This is a very useful and informative article that touches upon very important topics of national as well as international concern. In spite of the fact that various limitations apply on this study,

Jazz music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Jazz music - Assignment Example It was attended by a huge audience consisting f mainly university students. I attended the concert to have a firs-hand experience and make personal observations n whatever I encountered. This paper presents a candid, critical and in-depth review of the concert. It does this by focusing on the performers, audience, venue and general performance. During the concert, the band played a series of tracks. These were very interesting jazz songs that have dominated the music scenes for decades. As a band, Paul Iquihua consists of a team of experts who are specialized in playing different instruments as they perform to thrill their audiences. Having taken my time to attend the concert, I got an opportunity to enjoy jazz songs which I have never seen being performed live on stage. Just like the rest of the audience, some of the songs were familiar to me. At the same time, there are others that I have never gotten a chance to attend a live concert and enjoy them being performed on stage. In the program was Faubourg Treeme. The melodious song was composed by the legendry John Cooper. It was played during the concert because of its popularity. While doing this, I observed that the musicians were quite organized and well coordinated. All the instruments were properly played to ensure that the vocalists and the instruments produce sweet melodies throughout the performance. According to my observation, the song was a right choice for the concert as it was used to create a good rapport between the artists and the audience. Everyone danced to the tunes because it was quite outstanding and remarkable. The song was quite hilarious because it was composed by a renowned American musician who has been attributed to the composition of great hits that have of course revolutionized the jazz industry (Szwed 71). In the list of performance was another song called Daahoud. It was composed by Clifford Brown, an American trumpet player who lived between

America Out of Iraq Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

America Out of Iraq Now - Essay Example Some Americans still support the president, but most of us understand that Bush lied about his reasons for going to war, and that he wanted to invade Iraq and depose Hussein before he even took office. The Iraq invasion was a mistake from the very beginning, and now the cost of this war is more than we can bear. More than two thousand American troops have died in this unjustifiable war, which is bad enough, but between thirty-five and forty thousand Iraqi civilians are dead due to U.S.-led military activity in their country (Iraq Body Count). Reservists and National Guardsmen are being sent to Iraq because we are running out of regular military troops to send, but National Guardsmen are more useful to us at home. There should have been more National Guardsmen to help Americans through New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Instead, they were in Iraq. Our presence in Iraq is killing thousands of people and it is depriving Americans of their loved ones and the social support that military personnel stationed on American soil can provide to their country. We can't afford the body count, and we can't afford the financial price tag either.

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Health Program Evaluation - Case Study Example The situation Alyssa is in is actually a situation many writers face especially when they are presenting papers for presentations in seminars or going for publications. This entire dilemma Alyssa is in is possibly because of improper communication between her and her professor regarding the nuances of article writing and publications. The problem rose primarily because of poor and insufficient information given to Alyssa by her professor regarding writing papers and the implications involved in writing. Initially when he prompted her to write a paper he has to tell her unless his name is included as a co author he cannot represent her in the seminar because being the author she alone reserves and since she is sponsored by an external agency in funding the project she has get their acceptance in including his name as a co author. Also after receiving the work drafts produced by Alyssa the professor has made no attempt to look into them and offer any suggestions for improvement. The problem as can be clearly seen from the case is his lack of involvement in guiding his ward carry out the task. Right from the identification of sponsor for funding to preparing the research paper she has carried out all the tasks by herself. The professor has shown the positive intention ... However it can never be understood is why he failed to communicate the fact that she needs to include him as a co author. Also he did not make any attempt to help her in conducting the research study or in arranging funding necessary for the study in way of arranging a sponsor. These actions are clearly indicating his lack of confidence in Alyssa and her research capabilities. Also he did not make any attempts in improving Alyssa's work through suggestions; another indication that he is not expecting Alyssa's work is going to be chosen for presentation. When Alyssa came to him stating that she has received an invitation for participation in the conference it must have surprised him as well. However he understood he cannot represent her because she never mentioned his name as a co author. All this has led to a situation where there is a limited scope or opportunity for both Ben and Alyssa to act the other way. Alyssa's possible actions: As discussed already the scope for Alyssa to act the other way were slim because of Ben's miscommunication. However the possible actions which can be taken by Alyssa in the present situation were discussed below. Scope for Ben attending the seminar as Alyssa's Co author: In case Alyssa wants Ben to attend the seminar on her behalf on the condition that she accepted him as her co author and intimate the program authorities regarding the change then she comes across a problem of copy right because inorder to conduct the research work an external agency has funded her and she has to obtain the agency's permission to include him as a co author. Scope for Alyssa in attending the seminar herself: It makes interesting reading to suggest the possibility of Alyssa attending the seminar all by herself.

Personal consumption journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

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Groups in High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Groups in High School - Essay Example The gentlemen ask questions but only when necessary. They ask questions solely to clarify their concept. Whether or not the class pays attention to their question does not matter to them. All they want is clear concept from the teacher. They don’t tend to become prominent through speaking in the class or acting in the ways that are expected of the capable children. They are quite likely to be seen in spectacles. Most of them lose their eye-sight as a consequence of their obsession with studies. The gentlemen assume a higher status amongst the class fellows. They are idealized by the regulars and envied by the back benchers. The Regulars The regulars are seated in between the gentlemen and the back benchers. They make a bulk of the class and are the main source of income for the schools. They are the question raisers. They raise questions not because they are quite as interested in the lecture, but because they want to make their presence felt. Quite often, the regulars establi sh a gentleman as a benchmark and commit to themselves that they would beat that particular gentleman in the upcoming exam. Sometimes, the regular works hard enough to achieve this goal and thus, be promoted from the status of a regular to a gentleman. The regulars are generally quite vocal about their ambitions and challenges. If one regular establishes a gentleman as a benchmark, his friends would most likely know it. The regulars are all-rounders. They are not bad at studies but also not very good either. They have a wide array of topics to discuss with their friends on everyday basis. They are the first to know which movie is expected to release when and how much business would it do. They know what is going on in the national and international political scenario. In other words, their attention is diverted to so many areas at the same time that they are not able to do as good in studies as they are capable of doing. In a vast majority of cases, the regulars are more brilliant t han the gentleman, but they cannot help paying attention to activities other than studies. If they focus entirely upon their studies, they can do much better than most gentlemen. Many regulars are in this community because of their laziness. If they overcome their laziness, they are quite capable of becoming the gentlemen. The Back Benchers The back benchers are just as many as the gentlemen in the class. They occupy the rear-most seats in the class and are least enthusiastic about studies. They come to class just for the attendance. They bunk the classes yet make sure that they attend the classes just enough to have their case forwarded to the board for enrollment in the exam. The back benchers come into the classroom with earphones plugged in. They listen to the songs on MP3 while the lecture is on. Some of them sleep with their heads down on the table. They are artists. Most of them sleep in a way that you cannot catch them from a distance. They hold the book high in the hands to hide the face behind that. Somebody from a distance can take a back bencher for a gentleman. They are mostly found in the cafeteria with a cup of tea in one hand and a cigarette in the other. Their most favorite topic of discussion is girls. One back bencher consults the other for ways to make friends with girls. They discuss how they spent the weekend and the plans for the upcoming weekend. The back benchers

Stereotyping a Stereotype Essay Example for Free

Stereotyping a Stereotype Essay Junot Diaz’s â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† seems to play into and highlight the racial stereotypes that affect the way Americans see each other; however, Diaz is in fact working to show that even people who believe they understand the full extent of stereotypes, especially men, find themselves subordinate to the ones they are stereotyping. In this story, Diaz shows how female stereotypes actually control the actions of a males seeking intimacy. The man will revert to basic instinct and base his decisions on a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person. The short story focuses its instruction on the ultimate goal of reaching physical intimacy with a girl, but illustrates the definitely different courses of action necessary to take depending on what ethnicity the target girl is. This is where Diaz proves that even by mastering the â€Å"predicted† behavior of females through racial stereotypes, the male while appearing to have control of the situation is actually lower than the female. The text has an almost aggressive tone is used to show that the author clearly knows what he is talking about in terms of girls. This tone adds serious credibility to the author and makes the instruction all the more believable. Instead of using phrases such as â€Å"I would recommend,† â€Å"I think,† or â€Å"I believe,† Diaz uses the imperative and says â€Å"Clear the government cheese from the refrigerator,† â€Å"Leave yourself a reminder to get it out,† and, â€Å"Hide the pictures of yourself with an Afro† (Diaz 143). This forceful use of language is more believable and it creates a sense of power, superiority, and confidence in the reader because he is apparently taking instruction from an expert. After all, the reader using these instructions is looking to maximize his chances of getting anything from a â€Å"Kiss,† to a â€Å"Girl just [giving] it up right then† (Diaz 147). Diaz first points out that the reader should be aware of his own social class and ethnicity. The last thing the reader wants to do is foil his chances of achieving intimacy with his date by ignoring potentially embarrassing pictures or icons of a lower social class that would not impress the girl. Such things as the notorious â€Å"Government cheese† or the â€Å"basket with all the crapped-on toilet paper† definitely want to be hidden away (Diaz 143, 144). By doing these small things, the reader is putting himself at an advantage by leaving no room for the date to find weakness in him. If the date cannot find anything embarrassing, the reader is in control of the situation. According to Casey S. Torstenson in her article â€Å"You Don’t Know Me,† she says â€Å"To follow the advice of this story will, in all likelihood, get the [reader] closer to some form of physical intimacy, but this intimacy will be the result of a carefully manipulated†¦ impression he creates for his date, rather than the more inherent and objective truths of who he truly is† (Torstenson). This statement means that by hiding anything potentially incriminating, the male has a better shot at getting intimate with the girl, but that he is defying the age old saying that every set of parents say to their kids, â€Å"Just be yourself. † Diaz proves my argument in this section because the reader, although seemingly in control of the situation, is forced to manipulate it in a way that is pleasing to the girl, not to him. Diaz does not suggest anywhere in the text that the reader should do what he might find appealing, instead, the only positive thing in the text for the reader is the ultimate possibility of a hook-up. If the reader manipulates a situation based on stereotypes (ie where to take the girl to dinner depends on what the color of her skin is) he is subordinate to the girl because he has to play his cards just right in order to get what he wants. The date is in complete control because every decision the reader makes is based on what the girl will do, not what the reader wants. In doing so â€Å"Diaz emphasizes the way in which the social forces of race and class undercut both individuality and objectivity† and make the reader subordinate to his date (Torstenson). After the reader establishes his own security, it is then his responsibility to prepare for the evening. Diaz establishes that the first thing to do, no matter the race of the girl is to say hello to the mother. Once again, the author instructs the reader to inadvertently give up control. The entire purpose of saying hello to the mother is to impress her and to come across as a gentleman. Saying hello does not benefit the reader at all nor does it make his chances of getting with the girl any better. He merely says hello to come across as somebody he is not, boosting his facade, tearing down his true character, and once again putting the date in power. After the introduction is over, the reader must take the girl to dinner. This part of the story is intriguing because depending on what race the girl is determines where there is to go. The local girls (Hispanic and black) can be taken to El Cibao, only so that the reader can impress them with his Spanish or give them the chance to correct his Spanish. For some reason, the black girl and the brown girl are entitled to eat at a nicer dining establishment than the white girls who are suppsoed to be taken to Wendy’s. Diaz claims that the black girl will be impressed by his ability to speak Spanish, or the brown girl will have the opportunity to correct his â€Å"busted-up Spanish† (Diaz 145). In the case of the black girl, she, although being taken to dinner, is in control of the situation because the only reason the reader takes her to dinner at a nicer place is in hopes that he can impress her. The reader let’s the stereotype that she does not speak Spanish control his decision making insomuch as that he is not at the restaurant to enjoy a meal, but only to get one step closer to intimacy. In the case of the brown girl, he hopes that she will correct him to make her feel important and smart. In this case, the reader is supposed to make himself come across as unintelligent to make the girl happy. Once again, the reader is subordinate to the girl because he is not being himself and is forced to act in certain ways that are uncharacteristic of him. However, suppose the girl does not speak Spanish. What is the reader supposed to do then? He is not being himself and following instructions, so if the instructions are not correct, the reader will be unknowing of his next move. The reader becomes dependent on these stereotypes and completely relies on them to work. The reader is at the will of the stereotypes. If they turn out to be false, then the reader will be lost with no direction and all of his expectations will be shattered leaving him in less control than he already is. In the case of the white girl, he expects that the white girl will put out much sooner than the girls of color and will not require the type of attention and time that the colored girls apparently deserve. What if the stereotype is false again? The white girl will be unimpressed by eating at a greasy fast food restaurant, and the reader will not get what he wants. As in every other instance, the reader relies on the validity of the stereotype. If it is true, then everything works out according to plan, but the only way for the stereotype to be true is if the white girl does absolutely everything according to Diaz’s chronology of events. Diaz leaves no room for spontaneity. Everything is scripted. However, the script is only as long as the girl wants it to be. She is fully capable of doing what she wants. The girl is in complete control of the very stereotype that the reader relies so heavily upon. Thus, the reader is subordinate to his date. Flattery is his next tool. Once the dinner is over, Diaz tells the reader to act interested in the girl and touch her gently; almost in a suggestive manner. He tells the readers to say things like â€Å"I like you,† and â€Å"[I] love [your] hair† (Diaz 147, 148). The basic assumption here is that girls will appreciate being complimented and be more willing to act more intimate with their charmer. However, even still, the girl is in complete control of her actions. Although the reader is wooing her, in the end it will be her decision whether or not she decides to put out. No stereotype can predict that event. They can offer a glimpse into a surface personality, but a sequence of events over the course of a couple of hours cannot physically be predicted exactly. Even so, the male will rely on a shallow concept that offers a glimpse into the future if he feels that it has the possibility of yielding pleasurable results. With this thought, it is clear that the stereotypes used in the story are geared towards pointing out how the potential for intimacy will make men revert to relying upon stereotypes and that they are not actually in control, but the stereotype that is controlled by the woman is in charge. â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† was most certainly written with the intent of showing how the male race relies on stereotypes to court women and how these stereotypes give the man a sense of security, control, and confidence. â€Å"Diaz consciously [provides] stereotypical male figures for dramatic effect† in order to illustrate how, â€Å"boys discuss members of the opposite sex as creatures to be used as devices for sexual gratification† (Alford). However, the underlying message in the text is that men rely on these stereotypes so much, that they in fact lose control of the situation because it is not the man in control but the stereotype. While Diaz points out the presence of stereotypes amongst women of different races, he clearly wants to point out the truth that men stereotyping is a stereotype. Works Cited Alford, William R. â€Å"Sex, Race and Power. † 2000. http://the-big-pic. org/drowntext. html. Diaz, Junot. Drown. â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie. † New York: Riverhead Books, 1996. Torstenson, Casey S. â€Å"You Don’t Know Me. † Florida: Switchback, 2006. http://www. swback. com/issues/004/You_Dont_Know_Me. shtml.

The Circulatory System Functions Of The Heart Physical Education Essay

The Circulatory System Functions Of The Heart Physical Education Essay Circulatory System is the combined function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and carry away waste products. The circulatory system increases the flow of blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. Also, when foreign substances or organisms invade the body, the circulatory system quickly sends disease-fighting elements of the immune system, such as white blood cells and antibodies, to places under attack. In the case of injury or bleeding, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the affected site, which quickly stop bleeding and promote healing. The heart, blood, and blood vessels are the three main elements that make up the circulatory system. The heart is the engine of the circulatory system. It is divided into four chambers, the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. The walls of these chambers are made of a muscle called myocardium, which contracts to pump blood. The pumping action of the heart occurs in two stages for each heartbeat. Diastole, when the heart is at rest, and systole, when the heart contracts to pump deoxygenated blood toward the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. There are typically about 60 to 90 beats per minute. If the heart stops pumping, death usually occurs within four to five minutes. Blood consists of three types of cells, red blood cells that carry oxygen, disease-fighting white blood cells, and blood-clotting platelets, which are all carried through plasma. Plasma is yellowish and consists of water, salts, proteins, vitamins, minerals, hormones, dissolved gases, and fats. Three types of blood vessels make a network of tubes throughout the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry it toward the heart. Capillaries are tiny links between the arteries and the veins where oxygen and nutrients spread to body tissues. The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with cells that create a smooth passage for the transfer of blood. This inner layer is surrounded by connective tissue and smooth muscle that help the blood vessel to expand or contract. Blood vessels expand during exercise to meet the increased demand for blood and to cool the body. Blood vessels contract after an injury to reduce bleeding and also to conserve body heat. Arteries have thicker walls than veins so they can withstand the pressure of blood being pumped from the heart. Blood in the veins is at a lower pressure, so veins have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards away from the heart. Capillaries, which are the smallest of blood vessels, are only visible by microscope. The arteries, veins, and capillaries are divided into two systems of circulation, systemic and pulmonary. The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the tissues in the body except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood carrying waste products, such as carbon dioxide, back to the heart. The pulmonary circulation carries this blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood releases its carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart before transferring to the systemic circulation. The heart gets rid of oxygen-rich blood under high pressure out of the left ventricle, through the aorta. Smaller arteries branch off from the aorta, leading to various parts of the body. These smaller arteries in turn branch out into even smaller arteries, called arterioles. Branches of arterioles become progressively smaller in diameter, eventually forming the capillaries. Once blood reaches the capillary level, blood pressure is greatly reduced. Capillaries have extremely thin walls that allow dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the blood to become a fluid, called the interstitial fluid, that fills the gaps between the cells of tissues or organs. The dissolved oxygen and nutrients then enter the cells from the interstitial fluid by diffusion across the cell membranes. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cell, diffuse through the interstitial fluid, cross the capillary walls, and enter the blood. In this way, the blood delivers nutrients and removes wastes without leaving the capillary tube. After delivering oxygen to tissues and absorbing wastes, the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries then starts to return to the heart. The capillaries merge to form tiny veins, called venules. These veins in turn join together to form progressively larger veins. Ultimately, the veins converge into two large veins, the inferior vena cava, that brings blood from the lower half of the body, and the superior vena cava, that brings blood from the upper half. Both of these two large veins join at the right atrium of the heart. The circulatory system plays an important role in controlling body temperature. During exercise, working muscles generate heat. The blood supplying the muscles with oxygen and nutrients absorbs much of this heat and carries it away to other parts of the body. If the body gets too warm, blood vessels near the skin enlarge to disperse excess heat outward through the skin. In cold environments, these blood vessels constrict to retain heat. The pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart propels the blood to the arteries. Blood pressure, for instance, enables a person to rise quickly from a horizontal position without blood pooling in the legs, which would cause fainting from deprivation of blood to the brain. Normal blood pressure is regulated by a number of factors, such as the contraction of the heart, the elasticity of arterial walls, blood volume, and resistance of blood vessels to the passage of blood. Blood pressure is measured during systole, the active pumping phase of the heart, and diastole, the resting phase between heartbeats. Blood pressure varies between individuals and even during the normal course of a day in response to emotion, exertion, sleep, and other physical and mental changes. The average normal blood pressure is about 120/80 mm Hg. Higher blood pressures that are sustained over a long period of time may indicate hypertension, a damaging circulatory condition. Lower blood pressures cou ld signal shock from heart failure, dehydration, internal bleeding, or blood loss.

Reflection Upon A Critical Incident Essay -- Reflective Practice Nursi

Reflection has its importance in clinical practice; we always seek to be successful and that can be achieved by learning every day of our life through experiences we encounter. In that way we can reconsider and rethink our previous knowledge and add new learning to our knowledge base so as to inform our practice. Learning new skills does not stop upon qualifying; this should become second nature to thinking professionals as they continue their professional development throughout their careers (Jasper, 2006). In keeping within current legislation on the protection and respect of an individuals’ right of anonymity, (Polit and Beck 2007), and to confidentiality, (Munhall 2007), any and all possible identifiable characteristics of the client have either been altered or omitted entirely where the potential for identification of the client was seen as possible or probable. The incident I will describe occurred when I was working in a regional hospital where we handled a large number of cases each year, with a range of specialties. The incident concerns ventilator-associated pneumonia and the use of CASS. John Baptiste Moliere stated "It is not only what we do, but also what we do not do, for which we are accountable.(Von Wartburg, 1991)† Accountability is being able to give reason to something that was done and to take responsibility for any errors made. Professional nurses are accountable in several areas including accountability to the public, client, profession, employer and self (Hood, 2013, p. 307). The public is aware that they have the right to receive the best care possible by professionals in the medical field (Hood, 2013, p. 307). Nurses must be competent in their abilities to provide safe effective care to their pa... ...Clin Infectious Disease 2010 Aug 1;51 Suppl 1:S59-66. doi: 10.1086/653051. Cawley M. (2007) Mechanical ventilation: a tutorial for pharmacists. harmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):250-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253915 Hood, L. (2013) Leddy & Pepper's Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2013 Von Wartburg, Walter. (1991) How to Lead with Genius: Words of Wisdom for the Common Sense Manager. Jasper, M. (2006) Professional Development, Reflection and Decision-making (Vital Notes for Nurses), Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition 15 Nov 2006 Munhall, P. (2007) Nursing research: A qualitative perspective. 4th Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sudbury. p523. Polit, D., Beck, C. (2007) Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. 8th Ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia. p180.

The Dutch in Japan Essay -- History

â€Å"The Red Haired Barbarians:† The Dutch in Japan The success of Dutch merchants in Japan illustrates the uniqueness of the Dutch Republic amongst the 17th century European countries. Not only would the Dutch come to dominate trade in Asia, in Japan they would demonstrate a practicality that would enable them to be the singular Western force present in a country that would severely isolate itself from any foreign intrusion. The V.O.C. could indeed be a ruthless cartel in securing trade from its competition and in dealing with indigenous populations around the world, as in the case of slavery where human beings were reduced to mere commodities to be bought and sold. Yet, the relationship between early Dutch traders, the V.O.C., and the Japanese people delineates an entrepreneurial and cultural adeptness that was beyond that of their European contemporaries and competitors in the 17th century. It was the Portuguese, rather than the Dutch, were the first Europeans to begin a relationship with the people of Japan. The Portuguese arrived in 1543 when Japan was a war torn country divided by different warlords. Along with trade, the Portuguese brought Jesuit missionaries who successfully proselytized Christianity if not to a large-scale, which would nonetheless be significant to future Japanese rulers. During their time in Japan, the Portuguese would see the rise of the three great shogunal unifiers. The first of these was Oda Nobunaga, who actually supported Christian efforts in order to counter 2 the militant Buddhist domains that resisted his rule. The second unifier, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was much less tolerant of the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries, and subsequently vacillated between policies of tolerance and b... ...to a greatly different culture. That the idea of tolerance was not prevalent for17th century Europeans is demonstrated by the Portuguese experience in Japan, yet somehow the Dutch managed a cultural acumen that was remarkable for this time period. Works Cited â€Å"Dutch and Japanese Relations†. Consulat-General van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden: http://www.oranda-cg.or.jp/english/relations.html, Retrieved 23 July 2007. Sayle, Murray. â€Å"Japan Goes Dutch†. London Review of Books. Vol. 23 No. 7 (5 April 2001). Retrieved 22 July 2007. Totman, Conrad. Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun: A Biography, Tokyo: Heian International Incorporated. 1983. Yonemura, Ann. â€Å"Yokohama – Prints from Nineteenth Century Japan†. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C. artelino.com/. Articles/dutch.Nagasaki. Retrieved 23 July 2007. NIAS_User Page 8 10/3/07.

Abolish the Death Penalty :: essays research papers

It was November 2 of 1998 and I woke up that morning and to my surprise the television was on. I see my mother sitting there watching CNN and saying how wrong the death penalty was as she was watching John Stevinson be put to death. She said how cruel these people were for doing such a thing. I remember feeling that I didn’t know what was wrong with these people and now I realize how wrong killing really is. For one to commend a crime and loose so much in return proves no point and yet an infantile result to a critical problem one of which is so multifaceted and out thought is just morally and corruptly erroneous. To the surprise of many, the United States government does not only put to death adults but also minors. In the United States at least 160 children have been executed by the death penalty since 1973. Children shouldn’t have the same punishments as an eighteen year old. First off, there is a possibility of rehabilitating minors greater than the adults. Children may still need to be punished, but taking a child’s life for making a wrong, stupid, and a bad decision just isn’t right. Members of the government should consider how they would punish their own child, especially if they were mentally challenged or had some other unique circumstance. Two out of three kids sent to death row are children of a different gender and or race. This is a big example of racism and discrimination. Not only kids are treated this way but also the adults. Out of all the 160 minors, executed, only two were girls, which is another example of discrimination against boy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion is yet another big part when it comes to the death penalty. Many people who believe in it mustn’t know what the Bible says about death and killing. This is murder and the Bible says no to ANY slaughter. In the Bible, the 5th Commandment states that, â€Å"Thou shall not kill.† As a Christian I believe in the 5th Commandment and see that killing doesn’t make better, yet worse. It’s massacre! If one kills another, no matter what reason, nor excuse, you are murdering them by just clearly taking their life. The Bible also has a story on the saying, â€Å"Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth.

Computerized Budgeting

Computerized Budgeting MGMT 360 Budgeting has been a major part of forecasting how companies spend their money throughout the fiscal year. In most companies, the words â€Å"it’s budget time†, strike fear in the hearts of employees. Financial officers and management accountants brace themselves for reconciling reams of spreadsheets that may reveal wildly different data depending on order and configuration. Non finance employees in various divisions scurry to understand their role in the budgeting process and struggled to pull together the facts and figures they hoped would appear attractive to management. Traditional budgeting was carried out on a pad and pen, archived in countless journals and ledgers and often stored in boxes and crates. Retrieval was a difficult task. Today, computerized budgeting (E-Budgeting) solutions have streamlined and transformed the budgeting process at all levels of an organization. This research will show the factors that contribute to every day individuals to government; that are now using E-budgeting for accurate budget and bookkeeping strategies. Before the days of calculators, computers, and the internet, companies had to budget their finances the old fashioned way. Many accountants had to have countless ledgers, journals, and books filled with the next fiscal year’s projections. At the end of the year they had to go back and reconcile all figures and see what they could do to make the next year even better. This was a very demanding task, since all they had to use was scratch paper, abacuses, and lots of ink. Since technology was not yet able to provide ease to these tasks, the actual task of budgeting and bookkeeping was costly and largely ineffective. Traditional budgeting had many problems. Many employees of companies were unaware about what the company needed in order to make the budget work. With many employees not knowing what information was important and what wasn’t, many budgets and forecast tools were inaccurate. Another weakness was that historical data and past budgets were harder to access. Steve Hornyak of Management Accounting Magazine explains: â€Å"The biggest drawback of traditional budgeting systems is the inability of participating individuals to access and use historical data during the budgeting and planning process. In fact, employees or managers attempting to allocate their sliver of the company funds often work in a vacuum. Without access to historical budgeting information, creating a budget from the ground up or making alterations to the existing budget may become tedious — and sometimes futile — tasks for nonfinance users† (Hornyak, 1998). With employees unable to contribute true validity to the budget and the key historical data missing, bookkeeping was quite difficult. Another stumbling block traditional budgeting presented became obvious when separate departments or different regions within a parent company would try to pool their records together. All figures and numerical records were united and the CFO would make a final projection. However, if one department’s figures were off or slightly miscalculated, the company’s budget as a whole was inaccurate. Companies knew that something had to be done. Ian Henderson of Management Accounting Magazine states: â€Å"The majority of the problems encountered with budgeting arise from managing the process itself†¦The choice for large [organizations] is either to loose many of the undoubted benefits in planning and control offered by budgeting or to apply a software solution to the process and make it less troublesome, less costly and more effective† (Henderson, 1997). Computerized budgeting allows departments using the same program, to bring all figures into one general location, saving countless man hours. With the introduction of advanced data-entry techniques, the undertaking of budgeting each year became easier and easier. Computers helped add and subtract much faster and more accurately, so entering key figures in a spreadsheet became the wave of the future. It made life easier for accountants so they could show their finance departments and other clients exactly how money was going to be spent. It helped create exact figures making pie charts, line graphs and other figure representatives accurate. E-Budgeting has many different aspects and facets. The most useful part of e-budgeting is that it completely automates the budgeting process. Steve Hornyak defines e-budgeting: â€Å"An e-budgeting solution completely automates the development of an organization's budget and forecast. †¦ Web-based enterprise budgeting systems offer a centrally administered system that provides easy-to-use, flexible tools for the end users who are responsible for budgeting† (Hornyak, 2008). The author of the article points out how the technology computerizes the process of making an effective budget. This helps anyone from a small family to a government department with the means of tracking and monitoring a budget. As technology continued to advance, these methods became easier to obtain and utilize. Anyone from the smallest Mom & Pop Store to government officials could enter the necessary information and see exactly how and where their money was going to be divided. Once the internet was created, companies could create inter-office emails and memos making sharing the information that much easier. Companies were able to save money and focus man power more effectively with each new and improved software addition. Most programs used to make budgets that are available to the general public are stand alone applications. These programs stay on the same computer they were created, and don’t need to interact with other software or computers on a related network or the internet. The data created and stored on these programs also stay in one centralized location. This type of budgeting is useful with small families and companies since there is no need to let the information reach the wrong hands. Programs and applications that use outside servers and client formats are usually associated with bigger companies and departments that have many employees over different parts of the country. Some companies use programs that interact with many different financial agencies across the country and even the world. Financial Executive Magazine reviewed a new service offered by Ebudgeting. com and explained its useful tools: â€Å"Ebudgets. om, a specialist in Web-based budgeting and planning technology, has delivered ebudgets 3. 0, a release that it says give large and complex companies increased â€Å"dynamic control† over their budget processes. The software automates budget consolidation, giving management an immediate budget overview† (14, 2000). These companies need services such as this when there are multiple stores or divisions of a parent company. CFOs and other executives need an instant overview of how certain regions and departments are doing financially, in order to make informed decisions and executive judgments. Having budgeting tools that are able to integrate with other financial programs or systems is quite a useful feature. Companies have learned how to create tools and make the entire financing process become one easy process. A company out of Richmond, VA, The Bookkeeping Department, created a product with the same qualities. Accounting Technology Magazine explains: â€Å"Key to the success of The Bookkeeping Department is the deployment of an electronic document management solution that integrates with the most prevalent SMB [Small –to-Medium Business] accounting system, Intuit's QuickBooks†. Scott Vaden. , President of The Bookkeeping Department, found the perfect integrated solution in CNG-Books, Cabinet NCi's electronic document management system that streamlines Quick-Books data entry and document filing into one consistent and efficient electronic process. By uniting QuickBooks transactions with business documents, CNG-Books makes filing, locating, and sharing documents simple, seamless, and secure† (SR25, 2008). This new program is an excellent example of how financial agencies and departments are able to share information and help ease the process of bookkeeping. Using computerized budgeting tools and programs have many benefits to a company. One major benefit is helping to cover liability when it comes time to interact with the government and make figures public. For example, many times companies who had prepared taxes using older budgeting and bookkeeping methods were held responsible for any mistakes made, costing a company unnecessary fines and expenses. Now with computerized assistance and internet support, companies can avoid such penalties. Wayne Shulz of Accounting Technology Magazine explains: â€Å"Even the best payroll staff can make mistakes with the confusing array of payroll tax deposit rules. Nearly every payroll processing company protects you against costly tax deposit penalties and interest by guaranteeing timeliness of your online tax payments†¦If there's a mistake in computation or timeliness, the processor pays and not your company† (Shulz, 2009). This shows how using computers and having interacting financial agencies saves companies money. Another way computerized budgeting helps companies is by bringing together different parts of the company thus increasing employee participation. Once the process of making a budget is streamlined, many employees don’t mind being apart of it. Lesley Meall of AccountancyMagazine. com spoke with Dave Turner of Coda Inc. in a recent issue. Turner was quoted as saying: â€Å"'We are seeing a lot more collaboration on budgeting,' he says, and the process is arguably becoming more useful. As more people become involved and the process becomes more accurate, people feel more important and empowered,'† (Meall, 2008). With an easier system in place, inter-department collaboration is an idea many are able to grasp. One last advantage new-age budgeting creates is helping save time and money in the budgeting process. By using computers many companies are able to save paper, not having to create and copy existing budgets or taking up space storing old budgets. With the recent growing popularity of going green, many companies have taken conserving resources to heart. AccountancyMagazine. com continues: â€Å"Going green can save money as well as the planet, but it can be difficult to know where to begin, so the sustainable business experts at Envirowise are offering help in the form of an interactive online tool. † It allows businesses to get the information they need to get started quickly and easily,' said spokesperson Mary Leonard, ‘highlighting those measures that are likely to provide them with the greatest cost-savings benefits in the areas most relevant to their business'† (Henderson, 2009). This shows cutting costs in any way helps not only the bottom line for companies but also has a positive effect on the environment. In conclusion, there are many benefits to using computerized budgeting programs both on and off the internet. The use of these programs helps simplify and expedite the making of budgets and bookkeeping for both the financial savvy and the fiscal illiterate. Dragging and dropping figures, more accurate results, effective presentation options make computerized budgeting the best practice for everyone. Traditional budgeting has had its share of inefficiencies and flaws in the past. Today, newer technologies and faster computing methods have helped to alleviate most, if not all, of those issues. References †¢ Henderson, Ian. (October 1997). Does Budgeting Have To Be So Troublesome? Management Accounting: Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants. 75(9). P. 1. †¢ Hornyak, Steve. (October 1998). Budgeting Made Easy. Management Accounting: Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants. 80(4). P. 1. †¢ Meall, Leslie. (February 2008). A Marriage Made In Heaven: Budgeting Technology. Accountancy Magazine. p. 65. †¢ Shulz, Wayne. (April 2009). Online Payroll Can Save You Money: Letting Someone Else Wade Through The Process Can Benefit Clients. Accountancy Technology. p. 18. †¢ Financial Executive review of E-Budgeting. com (September/October 2000). Retrieved April 23rd from Financial Executive Magazine website. p. 14 †¢ Soaring With Integrated Electronic Document Management: Accounting Technology (June 2008). Retrieved from Accounting Technology website on April 24th. p. SR25. †¢ Boost Your Bottom Line: Accountancy Magazine. (February 2009). Retrieved from the Accounting Magazine website on April 24th. p. 55.

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions

The mere mentioning of an Energy Conservation Plan may seem like a project that is too big for many. What needs recognition, immediately, is the fact that there is a dire need for energy conservation, it will save lives, and eventually may even save the entire human race. The one thing that I think all will be in agreement with is how much money it will save households and businesses. â€Å"Today's human way of life works around consuming energy in many aspects of daily life because we use an enormous amount of transportation, heat, and electricity. † (Mitigation Strategies and Solutions – Energy Conservation, Robert Gill III, August 20, 2009). If Governmental and Human efforts are put forth, in large amounts, it will bring down energy costs as well as allow humans to become healthier in various ways. Over the last eight weeks I have come to the conclusion that almost all living creatures, be them big or small, have some sort of energy usage associated with them. Energy comes in all different forms and is converted from one form to another. Non-renewable energy sources are becoming more complicated to find, because of this, resources are getting more and more expensive. Some types of non renewable energy resources are oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear. These forms of energy come from the ground. There are several forms living and non-living factors that contribute to the excessive use of energy. The easiest way to describe them would be to break them down into descriptive groups or categories. These types are not all different; the use of energy can be done in many of these categories at once. The first category is the use of Kinetic Energy; this type of energy is used when something is moving. For example, a car in drive and rolling produces a large amount of Kinetic Energy, another form of Kinetic Energy use is an animal jumping, a cat leaping or pouncing from one area to another. Often in combination with Kinetic Energy, one can find Gravitational Potential Energy, when things are high in the air, or sky for that matter, Gravitational Potential Energy is in effect. The drop of a ball from your hand, is a great example of Gravitational Potential Energy, however, Kinetic Energy comes into play when the ball is on the way down. Another example of when Gravitational Potential Energy is in use is when a bird is in the act of flight, once again Kinetic Energy is increased too. Chemical Potential Energy is another form of energy, this type of energy is effective when chemical reactions happen. Gasoline has a lot of Chemical Potential Energy stored in it and this is what helps make automobiles go. Chemical Potential Energy is the make up of electrical and magnetic and Kinetic Energy of the electrons, molecules and atoms. Another form of energy is Thermal Energy, this type energy is present when something is heated up and it has more energy then when it is cold. All living things have thermal energy; a lot of them make Thermal Energy because they cause chemical reactions to take place. One of the most important or greatly used forms of energy is Electrical Energy, it can be found in all power lines, above or below ground. When currents flow through an object Electrical Energy is active, voltage deposits or takes it away. For example, the use of an iron, energy is deposited, when something needs a battery for operation energy is taken away. Then there is Magnetic Energy, if two magnets are forced together, they repel each other, energy has to be present in order for this to happen, the energy is stored in what is called a magnet field. Energy is produced by the magnetic field when the two magnets are brought together. Lastly, Nuclear Energy, the energy that is known for being extremely unkind to man; energy is released when the sun works by fusing light atoms together to make heavier ones. Atoms that have become heavy will decay or split which causes energy to release; this process is called fission (UIUC Department of Physics, Living and Non-Living Things with Energy July 25, 2006). There are many non-living things that contribute to excessive energy use; however, they are used by living factors, humans. For example, a major portion of energy consumption is used right in our very own households. The following is a list of items, but is not limited to, â€Å"space conditioning at 44%, water heating at 13%, Lighting at 12%, Refrigeration at 8%, Home electronics at 6%, Laundry Appliances at 5%, Kitchen Appliances at 4% and other uses at 8%† (Earth getting overcrowded-November 2nd, 2008-Sheree Bega). These percentages are all based on one household’s usage; imagine the numbers when all of our world’s usage is calculated. Energy is greatly taken for granted by many, most don’t even think or imagine that there is a possibility that we can run out of energy. Humans are responsible for the damage being done to our planet, and for the non-renewable energy depletion. We are in an energy crisis, which is a very big problem. People need to become more aware of this problem and try to do their part to help preserve the non renewable resources that we still have left and to also help the environment by recycling and watching the energy use at home and in the car. One person can only do so much, and we may never see a difference from one person making that change. But if several people started making changes to their life styles, then there is a big possibility that we could start to see a big difference. This is an issue that everyone needs to know about and take seriously. If we do nothing, what will happen to mankind as we know it? What will we allow are children’s futures to be like if we do not take action now?

Collaborative Working Essay

There are many different ways to define ‘Collaborative Working’. According to The National Center for Biotechnology Information bookshelf (NCIB) Collaboration in health care is defined as health care professionals assuming complementary roles and co-operatively working together, sharing responsibility for problem-solving and making decisions to formulate and carry out plans for patient care. Collaboration between physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals increases a team member’s awareness of each other’s type of knowledge and skills, leading to continued improvement in decision-making. To work collaboratively it is also important for all team members to be willing to take part and trust other health professionals to accomplish a collective outcome, which is the health and wellbeing of the patient. Thomas et al (2005) mentions that willingness is one step of developing interpersonal collaboration and trust has been seen as a vital part to assist the development of effective team working. All professionals need to trust each other and learn new competencies and be able to take on new roles without resentment, as this requires a willing and trusting approach. Therefore, to give the patient the best possible care, it is imperative to  work in conjunction with other healthcare professionals to meet the needs of the patient. Each professional has to show mutual respect for one another in order to be able to work together or else there will be conflict in the team and the outcome of the patient will suffer. Thomas et al (2005) continues to say that confidence has been pointed out as an important feature in collaborative working as professionals who are confident in their own roles have the ability to work flexibly into other boundaries without feeling jealous or threatened. Confidence shows leadership and allows others to trust the work of that individual, therefore creating a trusting environment for them all to work together. The terms interprofessional, multiprofessional and interdisciplinary are all related to collaborative working, Thomas et al. (2005) defines the prefix ‘multi ‘ as the participation of staff from different professions, and the prefix ‘inter† means collaboration in the areas of decision making thus indicating that healthcare professionals, be it consultant, nurses, social workers or community staff work together to provide a high quality care and to achieve the best outcome for the patient. With skills and knowledge coming from these colleagues that major in different backgrounds, overall the team can provide an excellent service and duty to patients due to having specialists from different areas working together in the same team. Collaborative working involves interaction of various groups or professions to accomplish a general goal, which normally in the health care setting is the care of the patient. As a result of problem solving, an open and flexible approach to the roles and tasks of individual team members provide a more patient focused healthcare. Read more:  Sharing Responsibility Role of Local and State Bodies The aim of this essay is to establish what skills and knowledge are required to work collaboratively successfully. I will describe a care pathway, which will look at the care a patient received from different services in which I participated. In the health care service, working with people is a part of the working day. According to Goodman & Clemow (2010), working with other people is a fact of everyday life, whether you will be working the in community or in a  hospital environment you will be constantly interacting with people to assess, plan implement and evaluate care provided. Goodman and Clemow (2010) go on to say Nursing work is primarily people work, be it one-to-one patient care or team care. The principle of a care pathway is to recommend the most appropriate care required to meet the patient’s needs. According to Middleton & Roberts (2000) care pathways are evidence based care which is delivered to the patient by the correct individual at the specific time and the suitable environment. Middleton & Roberts (2000) continue to say that integrated care pathways are used to determine multidisciplinary practice based on guidelines for particular patients. According to the Royal College of nursing (RCN) 2014, care pathways are also known as integrated care pathways, anticipated recovery maps, critical pathways or care maps. Communication is very important in the healthcare service to ensure that the patient will receive the correct care plan to meet their needs. According to the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) 2014, communication is at the heart of everything we do in our society. It’s central to our learning, our work and our leisure interests. It is vital in health care, where patients/clients can feel vulnerable, isolated and anxious, therefore teams need to rely on good communication to help them deliver safe, coordinated and effective healthcare. Without communication between certain individuals in the team, it can cause conflict or friction between some colleagues therefore delaying the goal of impeccable patient care. Communication shared amongst teams can achieve a holistic goal that is clear and in which the outcomes are met amongst the team (RCN) 2014. Communication is not only verbal, it is also non-verbal and listening also plays a part. If health professionals are not working together then there is a failure of communication and errors will occur and the wellbeing of the patient will suffer. This may also happen when health professions used different terminologies within their profession, which others may not understand. This demonstrates the need for communication to be shared in a manner which all members can understand to avoid confusion and reduce the risk of mistakes  happening, i.e. language line, interpreters and other professionals who understands the language. Due to the importance of patient confidentiality I will be keeping the identity of my patient as anonymous and a pseudonym will be used for the purpose of the essay to protect the patient. This complies with the NHS Code of Practice on Confidentially (2003). Throughout this essay my patient will be referred to as Mr A. The Tuberculosis (TB) Services must be accessible to all health care professions in the community or hospital. An important part of the role of the TB service is to promote awareness of TB and ensuring that all suspected cases of TB are promptly referred for investigations, diagnosis, treatment, support to control the spread of TB. The most common pathway by which patients can access the TB service includes referrals from GP surgeries, accident and emergency, laboratory microbiology, hospital wards and other hospital specialties such as HIV (Gum clinic), rheumatology and paediatrics. TB services have one designated referral number, fax, email address and contact address. The care pathway for patients who show signs and symptoms of TB will require a number of investigations, which will include a Mantoux Skin test, when a small amount of Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is injected into the arm and the results will be read 48/72 hours later, a chest x-ray, sputum samples or a bronchos copy. Once these investigations have been completed and if the results are positive for active TB, the patient will be commenced on TB treatment. This treatment will be for a minimum six months to two years depending on the type of TB diagnosed. My role as the Support worker for the TB team is to assist patients, to help them understand and come to terms with their diagnosis. In addition to this I will ensure that they receive the correct medication as distributed by the nurses, monitor any side effects and bring them to the attention of the specialist nurses who will give further advice or discuss with the senior consultant who will be able to decide on an appropriate care plan if needed. I also support patients with any welfare and social matters such as housing, immigration and social benefits. My role involves acting as the advocacy for patients and links them with the required services. In order  for this to work, I have to build a very good rapport with my patients, and I feel that this enables them to become open and honest with me, which results in us achieving our desired goal. Patient Scenario Mr A was admitted via accident and emergency complaining of chest pains, lethargy, loss of weight, cough and night sweats, the typical symptoms of TB. His chest x-ray showed left sided pleural effusion and sputum sample results were smear positive, indicating that he was infectious, His Mantoux result was 18mm and was diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Mr A was born in Romania and entered the UK originally in 2009. He was house sharing with other Romanians for three months until they were evicted by the police as they were possibly squatting and he became homeless. He was of no fixed abode with no clear connections in the UK. He has been living on the streets ever since being evicted. He has no means of contact, no money and has very limited understanding of English. Mr A was referred to the TB Service by the consultant on the respiratory ward. Due to his lack of English language, a Romanian interpreter needed to be booked to allow sufficient communication between staff and Mr A. I made a telephone call to the hospital interpreting service to book a Romanian interpreter to assist with the assessment. The TB assessment was carried out in the ward with the Romanian interpreter present. The TB assessment form was completed using Roper et al (2000) Activities of Daily Living. This assessment model looks at the patient’s needs as well as any possible problems connected with the patient i.e. social, physical, psychological and medical. According to Roper et al (2000) this model will give a holistic view of the individual instead of just the illness. This model recognises the impact of cultural, environment, and economic factors that affect both health and well-being (Barrett et al, 2012). Prior to our assessment on the ward I received a telephone call from the Infection control nurses to inform us of his sputum results. The results of his test were smear positive and this indicated that the patient was  infectious therefore he was placed in to a negative pressure side room. A negative pressure room is used to prevent the spread of TB. The National TB Centre describe a negative pressure room as a room where more air is drained than is supplied, so infectious particles are contained within the room by continuous air current being pulled into the room under the door. Therefore, when the negative pressure room is used airborne particles generated in the room cannot escape to the corridor. During this assessment it was brought to my attention that Mr A had no income and was homeless. My role as the Support Worker is to help patients with any welfare and housing issues. I was able to make a telephone call to the hospital social services for advice on Mr A and had a long conversation with the advisor. We agreed that I needed to contact Greenwich Social Services for further advice. I was informed by Greenwich Social services that Mr A was not entitled to any public funds because of his no recourse to public funds on entry to the UK. Due to Mr A’s situation, I spoke to my colleagues in Find and Treat who informed me that Mr A might be eligible for accommodation, and a referral form was faxed to me for completion with my patient. Find and Treat is a Department of Health Organisation within Public Health England that works alongside TB services to provide holistic, preventative and stabilising support to homeless people who are on TB treatment and have no recourse to public funds. The completed referral form was faxed back to Find and Treat. I received a telephone call from Find and Treat to inform me that the referral had been accepted at the homeless shelter and the next step was an interview with the shelter home manger and his allocated case worker to meet the patient to ensure that all his needs were met whilst in their care. The case worker and the manager met the patient in the ward in my presence with the interpreter to complete their full assessment for placement in view of the referral information and facts we presented. Once the meeting was complete, I had to liaison with the discharge coordinator on the ward to inform them that Mr A had been accepted at the shelter home. Prior to his discharge from the ward, the TB nurse checked  his TB medication and I booked transport for my patient to get to the organised accommodation and he was taken on the same day. The following day I made a telephone call to his case worker asking about his (Mr A) progress and how he was settling in. He was reported to be settling in well and had no concerns. Mr A had been visiting a homeless unit for food and shelter prior to this admission to the ward. Due to his smear positive sputum results; it is a requirement to refer all smear positive index cases to Public Health England (PHE) as TB is a notifiable disease. It is my duty to gather as much information as possible regarding the homeless unit. I completed an incident reporting form with all the information from the shelter unit and faxed it to PHE. I had a conversation with PHE by telephone to arrange an incident meeting between the shelter home, PHE and the TB nurses. Once a date was agreed with all parties we met at the shelter home to identify contacts and organise screening. It was agreed that all contacts who needed to be screened for TB were to be referred to the TB Service. Collaborative working sometimes may not always work smoothly as expected. Some team members may feel left out or not appreciated, Elizabeth Lark (2006) says to work collaboratively you need to be focused on a two way related dimension. The task that needs to be achieved, in this case the outcome of the patient, and the relationship with and between the people that need to be engaged in it. Therefore it is clear to say that all team members need to feel appreciated and valued in collaboration to make it work professionally. Another factor that may cause problems in collaboration is personality conflict, a lack of understanding in other professionals’ sphere and the influence of hierarchy in job roles within the multidisciplinary teams. Elizabeth Lark (2006) continues to say that these types of conflicts can be resolved by giving team members the chance to discuss their concerns in group meetings to identify clear working responsibilities before implementing the care of the pati ent. As a Support Worker collaborative working is very important to me to ensure that a service work as a team to give patients the required care they need to enable them to be able to return to their normal healthy lifestyle. When caring for patients we need to set standards and be professional regardless of the patient’s background and belief. The importance of my role as a Support Worker in advocacy and linking patients with other service has lead to the recovery of our patients, as many of our patients do not understand the diagnosis and the stigma related to the TB diagnosis. Having access to all these services has made it possible for me to help Mr A on the road to recovery and enable him to live a normal life again where he will be helped and assisted with some form of work and earn a living. Due to his lack of the English language it would have been very difficult for him to access these services by himself as I was the main link for Mr A to receive the correct care. Mr A was very happy with the care he received from all the different services, he said via the interpreter â€Å"I would not have known where to go to get help, I thank you all†. The care given to Mr A was delivered over a period of three months. He remained in hospital for 4 months, during this time I ensured that all of the hospital resources were coordinated to ensure that the highest level of service was delivered and that Mr A could return to living a normal healthy life style. My role as a Support worker in this collaborative working has helped other healthcare professionals such as ward staff, infection control nurses and hospital social services to gain better knowledge of TB and how working together to overcome obstacles to ensure that the patient can receive the correct care needed. We were able to identify the patient’s needs, which allowed the nurses and other services to coordinate and plan interventions to meet the patient’s requirements in regards to his recovery. It is evident that collaborative working does have the best outcome for patient. Working collectively has enabled me to expand my knowledge and skills required to work along side other health providers and social services. Communication is the key skill required in collaborative working to ensure and accomplish the best outcome for your patients. All services and organisations need to work well together and leave their differences, misunderstanding and challenges aside for the sake of the patient’s outcome.  Collaborative working takes away any additional stress and worry for patients who just want to overcome their illness and this was reflected in Mr A’s situation. References Barrett D, Wilson B & Woodlands A, (2012) Care Planning A Guide for Nurses, Second Edition, Essex, Pearson Education limited. Goodman B & Clemow R, (2010) Nursing and Collaborative Practice, Great Britain, MPG Books Group Lark E, (2006) Collaborative Advantages – How Organisation Win by Working Together, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan Middleton S & Roberts A (2000) – Integrated Care Pathways : a practical approach to implementation Oxford, Reed Education and Professional Publishing Ltd Roper N, Logan W & Thierney A J, (2000) The Roper Logan Tierney Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living, Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. Thomas,J Pollard K C and Sellman D, (2005) Interporessioanl Working in Health and Social Care. New York, Palgrave Macmillian National Centre for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2637/ Professional Communication and Team Collaboration – Patient Safety and Quality Access on 25/09/14 Royal College of Nursing http://rcnhca.org.uk/communication – First Steps for HCAs Accessed on 15/10/14 National TB Centre https://www.ndhealth.gov/Disease/TB/Documents/Infection%20Control.pdf Accessed on 30/10/14 NHS Code of Practice https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200146/Confidentiality_-_NHS_Code_of_Practice.pdf Accessed on 08/11/14 Royal College of Nursing http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/perioperative_fasting/good_practice/service_improvement_tools/care_pathways Accessed on 15/11/14

Carbene Addition Lab

Synthesis of 7, 7- dichloronorcarane in Carbon Addition Reaction CHM 337 | Dr. Pettit Abstract: A solution of cyclohexene, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and benzyltriethylammonium was used to synthesize 7,7 – dichloronorcarane by the following reaction: + CHCl3 + OH – H2O + + Cl – After completion of the experiment, the percent recovery was calculated to be 46. 21% Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to form 7,7-dichloronorcarane by means of carbene trapping.Cyclohexene, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and benzyltriethylammonium chloride were used to synthesize 7,7 – dichloronorcarane by the following reaction: + CHCl3 + OH- H2O + + Cl- In order to carry out this reaction in reasonable time, a two phase reaction was used, avoiding the lengthy requirements to carry out the experiment as a single phase reaction, as well as the risk of undesirable products due to the presence of water. The components of the two stage reaction were as follows: An organic pha se containing the alkene and CHCl2; and an aqueous phase containing the base OH –.Since the reactants, CHCl2 and OH – would separate into different phases, benzyltriethylammonium chloride was added as a phase-transfer catalyst. Because the benzyltriethylammonium chloride has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, it could cross the phase boundary and facilitated the transport of the hydroxide ion from the aqueous phase to the organic phase. Expected spectral changes in IR and 13C-NMR Procedure To begin, 0. 324g of cyclohexene was mixed with 1 ml of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, 1ml of chloroform and 0. 040g of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride.The reaction was stirred and heated at 40 degrees Celsius for an hour before extracting the 7,7 dichloronorcarane through 2 methyl chloride extraction processes (1ml methylene chloride). The product was then air dried until no more liquid would evaporate, and weighed giving a percent recovery of 43 %. The substance was then used to conduct an IR and 13C-NMR spectra test giving the results. Results and Calculations Calculating moles of cyclohexene (81g cyclohexene/1ml) * (0. 40ml cyclohexene) = 0. 324g cyclohexene 0. 324g cyclohexene*(1mol cyclohexene/82. g cyclohexene) = 3. 95 * 10^-3 mol cyclohexene Calculating moles of chloroform 1. 49g/ml chloroform * 1ml of chloroform = 1. 49g of chloroform 1. 49g of chloroform * (1mol of chloroform/119. 4g chloroform)= 1. 25 * 10^-2 moles chloroform. Calculating moles of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (1. 08g benzyltriethylammonium chloride/ml) * 0. 040ml of benzyltriethylammonium chloride = 0. 0432 grams benzyltriethylammonium chloride * 1mol/227.8g benzyltriethylammonium chloride = 1. 896 * 10^-4 moles benzyltriethylammonium chloride Finding the limiting reagent CHCl3 +OH- H2O + Cl- (balanced as is with catalyst in rxn) 3. 95 * 10^-3 mol cyclohexene 1. 25 * 10^-2 moles chloroform 0. 058 moles of sodium hydroxide * Cyclohexane has the l owest amount on reactant side and is the limiting reagent. Amount of 7,7 dichloronorcarane= 3. 95*10^-3 moles * 165. 06g 7,7dichloronorcarane/mol= 0. 652g 7,7 dichloronorcarane theoretical yield Experimental yield of dichloronorcarane= test tube with – test tube without (27. 159grams – 26. 890grams)= 0. 269grams dichloronorcarane Percent recovery (Actual mass yield/ theoretical mass yield) * 100%= percent recovery (0. 69grams/0. 652grams) *100%= 41. 26% yield recovery Formation of 7,7 dichloronorcarane + CHCl3 + OH- H2O + Cl – Discussion and Conclusions Discussion Topics and Questions a. Compare IR and 13C-NMR spectra of cyclohexene and 7,7-dichloronorcarane and point out changes in IR vibrational frequencies and 13C-NMR resonances that support the formation of 7,7-dicholoronorcarane. Be sure to identify the C-H stretch of the cyclopropane ring hydrogens. b. Why did you need to stir the mixture vigorously during the reaction?Since the reactants are in different phases, stirring vigorously allowed the catalyst to transfer a hydroxide ion from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, allowing the reaction to proceed as desired. c. Why did you wash the organic phase with saturated sodium chloride solution? The saturated sodium chloride was important for the removal of water. If the water was not removed from solution, it could react and create undesirable reactions, such as those described in Pavia: (4) (5) d. Describe two chemical tests and the visual results that would indicate whether cyclohexene is present or absent.Bromine in methylene chloride – If the addition of bromide (red liquid) results in a colorless solution, cyclohexene is present. Potassium Permanganate (Baeyer test) – This reaction depends on the color change from purple MnO4- ion into a brown precipitate of MnO2 e. Draw the structures of the products that you would expect from the reactions of cis and trans-2-butene. Be sure to comment on the stereochemistry of the products (enantiomers and meso forms). f. Provide a mechanism for the formation of the following products of a carbine addition reaction

Understanding of how networks work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understanding of how networks work - Assignment Example ly works to classify and categorize information to supposed destinations; which were subsequently screened to the router switch for delivery of the packets to their intended destinations. The corporate firewall was identified to prevent unauthorized information to get in or to prevent classified information to get out. Further, the Internet was described as a spider web of interconnected networks where the packets travel to the intended interface. Another firewall was supposed to serve as a bastion of security that allows only the packets which meet the criteria to reach the interface or the web server where packets are finally received, opened, and unpacked to reveal the information that was sought in the first place. One learned that the process seemed to be complex initially; but when it was described in a clear and vividly simple illustration, those who use the networks are provided with a summarized and concise overview of how it actually works. One therefore understood why some information are not appropriately received and why sometimes, it takes quite a while before the information user seek are finally retrieved. The visual illustration provided an effective manner to apprise viewers of how the networks work in the simplest; yet effective

Japanese Internment Camps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Japanese Internment Camps - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the subject of the Japanese internment camps has been a topic of hot debates over the decades. In most cases, several opinions abound on the very essence of those camps and on whether or not they addressed the situation for which they were intended. Critically, that continues to be the subject of argument. In any case, the perspective of the arguer is very critical in the analysis of the whole concept. The core of the argument also lies on whether the camps were necessary as a military action and or whether it was a nationality issue gone sour. To begin, it is imperative to realize that prior to the Pearl Harbor, most Americans of Japanese decent were actually residing peacefully in the United States and there was no issue in connection to American security despite the war that was picking up in the world. This paper makes a conclusion that the trigger of the whole imbroglio was the attack on the Harbor which certainly left many Americans confused and bitter. The justification of their radical change of mind with regard to their Japanese counterparts arose out of the paranoia situation that certainly engulfed the country. In any case, this was a very critical time and Americans were just being democratic by addressing their right of security. History is awash with several instances where spies have caused more trouble than was expected. In the American case, there idea to confine the Japanese was therefore a timely decision considering the world events at that time. In the period of the WWII it was clear that the Axis powers were basically fighting to capture the whole world under their control while the Allied powers were rooting for global peace. With such an evil mindset on the Japanese leaders, there was a need to carefully address the Japanese situation in the United States. Moreo ver, the general trend at that time was the possibility of a long period of war which could involve the United States. The role of the military is basically to safeguard the country’s borders in whatever respect as may deem necessary. Therefore the decision to create the internment camps should always be addressed from the perspective of United State’s security which was certainly at risk in that period. It is known that in critical situations very radical decisions are normally the order of the day. Inasmuch as counter opinions arise against the internment of the Japanese, it is important to come to terms with the realities of that time. Any

Propostition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Propostition - Essay Example Among the most vivid issues is the sexual tendency of Mary. It is clear that she found opportunities to use sex as a way of surviving in the extremely demanding and fast growing city of New York. For this reason, she could reap economic benefits from the many encounters she was bound to have. Secondly, it is evident as per Amy’s perspective that she represented a class of indecisive women who were readily practicing manipulation through use of their beauty. It is only normal that one may have negative escapades with people while exercising such vices. While working at the cigar shop where she had been employed, Mary had once disappeared and then resurfaced after a period of time. This shows that she was not a stranger perplexing acts. It is also strange of how a suitor by the name Cromellin retreated after having his proposal rejected. The silence and attention may seem evil. Also, during the times she worked, there had been several youth gangs in the area. They committed acts of violence in the streets causing the police to be put on the spotlight. Mary’s daily routines of interaction with such people obviously did not translate well considering her manipulative nature. Consequently, there arise a lot of players in the life of Mary, many of whom have or may have a score to settle with her. It can be assumed that hers is a mysterious death since no one can point a finger at a specific player. On the other hand, it can be opposed that her death was not mysterious but rather consequential. Settling on the sexuality nature, it can be argued that the final conclusion of the police investigation may have been true. The police concluded that her death may have been as a result of a botched abortion procedure. Considering her sexual involvement with young men it is natural that she could have got pregnant. Mary also had a love affair with David Payne and they had planned to get married. Afterwards, Mary showed up at Crommelin premises (who she had earlie r rejected) planning for a reconciliation. Crommelin’s failure respond to the desperation letters from Mary finally prompted her to ask for financial assistance from him. It is understood that Crommelin did not respond therefore Mary acquired the money for an â€Å"emergency† elsewhere. On acquisition of the money she disappeared. Amy, in her book, asserts that she may have been seen in a place known for conducting abortions. In addition, witnesses reported that they had spotted Mary at a joint owned by a woman who executed such practices. The woman known as Mrs. Loss was a disciple of Madam Lestell (nicknamed Madam Killer). She had derived her nickname from her long-standing belief that the only birth control method was abortion. Since she was rather too reserved for the richer women, Mrs. Loss would take care of Mary. Mrs. Loss she denied any involvement with Mary upon interrogation. However, clothes resembling Mary’s were found at the nearby thicket. The woma n also admitted to hearing screams in the nearby bush. The evidence documented by the author and largely point to the act of abortion perpetrated by Mary Rodgers. More so, the asking of an â€Å"emergency loan† by Mary and the sight of her at the place associated with abortion inclines towards the act abortion. The final conclusion of the police: terming the death as a result of a botched abortion is dependable considering the provisions. This conclusion is more dependable than that of terming the